Here is what I bought today:
06/11/2008 Bought 100 PNK @ 12.46
06/11/2008 Bought 17 ICE @ 118.67
06/11/2008 Bought 2000 PFE @ 17.65
Let's take these one at a time--
PNK is Pinnacle Entertainment Inc. Although their HQ is in Las Vegas, they don't own casinos there. The six casinos they own are in Louisiana, Indiana, Missouri and Reno, NV; in addition, they operate casinos in the Bahamas and Argentina. This is a fairly small company--its market cap is still under 1 billion. Why choose this stock over WYNN, LVS, or MGM?
I watched a PBS documentary on Vegas recently, and let me tell you, Steve Wynn and his vivacity are a hoot to watch. The documentary reminded me of how cool Vegas used to be, starting with the Mafia and the Rat Pack, moving to JFK/RFK and Howard Hughes coming in to clean it up, and then ending with shareholders and Wall Street finishing the job. What struck me most during the documentary is that Vegas seems like it's all out of gimmicks. The old Sands, where the Rat Pack used to play, is gone. Steve Wynn's Mirage is no longer the epitome of cool. By focusing so much on the future and demolishing anything older than a decade, Vegas has neglected to preserve its history, which would have been a tourist draw (who wouldn't want to walk on the same stage that Sammy Davis Jr. danced on?).
To be fair, when I went to the new Wynn hotel in Vegas, I was impressed. I wasn't impressed in the sense that this hotel was something wild, something fun--but it was a darn nice hotel and casino, and the no-smoking sports book didn't hurt (of course, it's impossible to find a seat). Would I fly out from California to Vegas just to see the Wynn hotel? That's the million dollar question, isn't it? I wouldn't--and if I did, there's nothing in that particular hotel that I couldn't get by staying at another hotel nearby and, say, walking over to view the Wynn's Ferrari display. The problem with sinking so much money into these hotels is that it's based on the hope that the high rollers will come to you and make up for the initial costs. But other than Charles Barkley, it's unclear why an international client would fly to the Wynn rather than another more exclusive resort, say, in Macau.
The next stage for Vegas hotels is to do what the Hard Rock Hotel has done--make each room unique so that customers are paying for the inside of their room, not the outside. I genuinely look forward to staying at any Hard Rock Hotel (HRH), because you don't know ahead of time which rock star your room will be based on. The problem with the HRH is that they don't have good locations (the one in Vegas is off the strip), and it's harder for them to expand in a saturated nationwide market. But Vegas as a whole doesn't seem too much different than it was ten years ago, and so far, other than making its hotels more lavish, there's no new major attraction. With a looming recession, people might go to Reno or a cheaper hotel instead. Even I will be going to Reno in a few weeks rather than Vegas because 5 dollar blackjack tables are easier to find in Reno, and I am tired of the Vegas crowds and not being able to find a good seat at the sports book.
What does any of this have to do with why I bought PNK? Simple. PNK is building casinos in areas where they are a unique, new attraction. It's like a Walmart coming to a tiny town--even if it's not fancy, even if it's just downright ordinary, the lack of competing attractions will still allow a steady stream of business.
Also, labor costs are cheaper in Indiana, Missouri, Louisiana, etc. A major cost of any Vegas casino is their unionized workforce and sheer number of employees needed to run all the attractions (or did you think the lions at the MGM fed themselves all day?). Especially in a slower economy like Indiana, casinos won't have as hard of a time finding cheaper labor and good employees. That's good news for the Midwestern and Southern-based casinos.
Today, the St. Louis Business Journal confirmed that PNK's Missouri branch was doing well: "Admissions at Lumiere Place grew almost 22 percent from 510,448 in April to 622,088 in May. Revenue in May was $15.3 million, a 17 percent increase from April's revenue of $13.1 million."
I didn't buy much of PNK--but I definitely like it better than MGM or LVS shares. (I don't include WYNN in the previous sentence because its shares seem to hold up better on down days.)
ICE is InterContinental Exchange, Inc. It's basically a trading forum for commodities. It has enjoyed a spectacular run-up to 194 dollars per share because of the rise in commodity prices, which forced many companies to use futures contracts and take more of an interest in managing their cost of materials. But it's now trading at 118 dollars, probably because of the fear that commodities themselves are in a bubble and the Dems will regulate traders/speculators out of existence. It's a tough call between buying this company or CME Group, Inc. (CME). As you can see, I did not buy much of this stock, either. It's just a small hedge, and I expect to lose money on it in the near term, because it is so volatile. This is a long term hold--if I could just erase it from my screen until five years from now, I'd probably save myself some gray hairs.
Finally, we are back to Pfizer (PFE). Why buy over 35,000 dollars worth of this stock? Two reasons: one, this company is still a blue-chip in a business with excellent margins. If I have to hold onto it for the next five years, I don't mind, especially not with a 7% dividend. Second, the Wall Street Journal is showing that it has the fourth highest money flow of all traded stocks on June 11, 2008. Either someone knows something we don't, or it's possible this stock has finally hit the bottom. I will look to flip soon, because I still have 700+ shares in a different account.
"And if an epitaph be my story, I'd have a short one ready for my own: I had a lover's quarrel with the world." -- Robert Frost
Wednesday, June 11, 2008
Tuesday, June 10, 2008
The American Dollar and the Currency Carry Trade
You would think that after Bernanke talked up the American dollar and the Saudis agreed to boost oil production, the U.S. dollar would go up. You would be correct. See chart for currency ETFs and look at June 10, 2008 chart:
http://finance.yahoo.com/q/cq?d=v1&s=fxc+fxf+fxm+fxy+fxe
But for American investors still shell-shocked by the dollar’s decline, is now a good time to jump into the foreign currency pool? Probably not. While I own some shares of FXF, a Swiss francs ETF, I will not buy any more. There are so many other ways to get foreign currency exposure it makes no sense now, after the dollar’s steep decline, to buy other currencies directly. The U.S. dollar might keep increasing, or it might decrease in value–there is no sure way to determine which way the trend is going now that the federalis have finally awoken and removed their muzzles.
So what’s an investor to do? My pick is DBV, the PowerShares DB G10 Currency Harvest. (Disclosure: I own some shares of this unique ETF as a currency hedge, along with my FXF.) Basically, DBV is one manifestation of the “currency carry trade.” DBV borrows low-yielding currencies and lends (buys) high-yielding currencies; theoretically, returns should be automatic, assuming only slight variations in interest rates (and yes, that's a major assumption). Making these kinds of trades in a personal FOREX account would be too complicated and time-consuming, and that’s why DBV is an interesting product–as an ETF, it carries a low fee, and it further hedges its risks by using only ten fairly stable currencies, including the Euro. Any diversified currency product with ample exposure to the Euro is beneficial, at least to hedge a personal portfolio. As Dallas Fed Reserve President Richard Fisher told me at the Commonwealth Club, the ECB has only one mandate–to fight inflation, which makes it more politically palatable to maintain higher interest rates, leading to a more stable currency.
DBV is selling for 26.78, and FXF is selling for 95.93 as of the close of business on June 10, 2008. But if you don’t like DBV and you don't like the idea of dabbling in currency products, you’re in luck. Almost every major DJIA-listed company derives much of its revenue from overseas. Even Pfizer (PFE) has substantial currency exposure because of how much cash it has abroad. But General Electric (GE) would be my pick of the bunch if you are looking to buy a multi-national conglomerate with overseas exposure–it is at a five year low, and as of June 10, 2008, yields around 4%. That’s hard to beat when money market yields are around 2%. (Disclosure: I own GE and PFE.)
I hope that the federal government soon heeds President Eisenhower’s prescient words: “to support progress in our country, and indeed throughout the free world, we must make certain that there is no cheapening, no debasement of our currency” (Presidential Reflections, 1960). Until the Federal Reserve starts raising interest rates, I will keep looking for ways to protect myself from a government that seems to openly disrespect savers.
http://finance.yahoo.com/q/cq?d=v1&s=fxc+fxf+fxm+fxy+fxe
But for American investors still shell-shocked by the dollar’s decline, is now a good time to jump into the foreign currency pool? Probably not. While I own some shares of FXF, a Swiss francs ETF, I will not buy any more. There are so many other ways to get foreign currency exposure it makes no sense now, after the dollar’s steep decline, to buy other currencies directly. The U.S. dollar might keep increasing, or it might decrease in value–there is no sure way to determine which way the trend is going now that the federalis have finally awoken and removed their muzzles.
So what’s an investor to do? My pick is DBV, the PowerShares DB G10 Currency Harvest. (Disclosure: I own some shares of this unique ETF as a currency hedge, along with my FXF.) Basically, DBV is one manifestation of the “currency carry trade.” DBV borrows low-yielding currencies and lends (buys) high-yielding currencies; theoretically, returns should be automatic, assuming only slight variations in interest rates (and yes, that's a major assumption). Making these kinds of trades in a personal FOREX account would be too complicated and time-consuming, and that’s why DBV is an interesting product–as an ETF, it carries a low fee, and it further hedges its risks by using only ten fairly stable currencies, including the Euro. Any diversified currency product with ample exposure to the Euro is beneficial, at least to hedge a personal portfolio. As Dallas Fed Reserve President Richard Fisher told me at the Commonwealth Club, the ECB has only one mandate–to fight inflation, which makes it more politically palatable to maintain higher interest rates, leading to a more stable currency.
DBV is selling for 26.78, and FXF is selling for 95.93 as of the close of business on June 10, 2008. But if you don’t like DBV and you don't like the idea of dabbling in currency products, you’re in luck. Almost every major DJIA-listed company derives much of its revenue from overseas. Even Pfizer (PFE) has substantial currency exposure because of how much cash it has abroad. But General Electric (GE) would be my pick of the bunch if you are looking to buy a multi-national conglomerate with overseas exposure–it is at a five year low, and as of June 10, 2008, yields around 4%. That’s hard to beat when money market yields are around 2%. (Disclosure: I own GE and PFE.)
I hope that the federal government soon heeds President Eisenhower’s prescient words: “to support progress in our country, and indeed throughout the free world, we must make certain that there is no cheapening, no debasement of our currency” (Presidential Reflections, 1960). Until the Federal Reserve starts raising interest rates, I will keep looking for ways to protect myself from a government that seems to openly disrespect savers.
Terrorism: The Unusual Suspects
"Who is most likely to be a terrorist?" In 2008, most honest Americans would answer a Muslim male between the ages of 20 and 30 from the Middle East. In reality, however, an effective terrorist is more likely to be an educated, middle-class European resident because of his ability to integrate into Western society. Without the ability to blend in, a terrorist will have difficulty implementing a large-scale attack. If the most dangerous terrorist threat comes from European residents, not Americans or Middle Easterners, then any military strategy that focuses on the Middle East will waste trillions of dollars without much increase in safety.
Let's start with Osama bin Laden. Although he resides in the Middle East, he comes from an affluent family. He has not personally killed Americans on American soil and probably never will, because of his inability to blend into American society. Osama bin Laden's inability to directly kill Americans renders him a lesser, though important, target than others, who can personally attack U.S. citizens on American soil. As we will see, Osama bin Laden is an exception to the list of cross-border terrorists, because most cross-border terrorists do not live in the Middle East.
For example, the persons allegedly responsible for the 7 July 2005 ("7/7") London bombings all lived in the U.K. The alleged ringleader, Mohammad Sidique Khan, was middle class, a college graduate, and married a woman so connected that the Queen invited her mother to a Buckingham Palace party. Another alleged bomber, Shehzad Tanweer, left behind over 225,000 dollars (121,000 pounds) and was a U.K. college graduate. Mr. Tanweer lacked a job related to his sports science degree. Mr. Khan also lacked a job related to his business studies degree, which he received in 1996. All persons who allegedly carried out the London bombings lived in Britain and had most recently lived there, not the Middle East, prior to the attacks.
The persons who murdered Americans on 9/11 on U.S. soil did not live in the Middle East prior to their attack. Most of them actually lived in Germany for years before deciding to commit terrorism. Many of them lacked jobs related to their university degrees. Going down the list of 9/11 participants, a clear pattern emerges of highly-educated, underemployed, long-term European residents--not Middle Eastern residents.
Zacarias Moussaoui, a would-be hijacker, is a French citizen. He did not live in the Middle East when he decided to kill others. He holds a master's degree in International Business from South Bank University in London.
While we will never know his exact devolution, Mohammad Atta, the person most associated with 9/11, did not become fundamentalist until after he came to Hamburg, Germany. Atta lived in Hamburg for at least five years before committing any act of terrorism. He graduated from Hamburg University of Technology and studied for years in Germany without attracting any significant attention. He also lived in the U.S. for around a year before committing any terrorist act.
Said Bahaji, an alleged 9/11 attacker, was a German citizen and lived in Hamburg since 1995. He attended a European electrical engineering university program. He even enlisted in the German army for a few months. He did not live in the Middle East prior to the attacks.
Marwan Yousef al-Shehhi, another alleged 9/11 terrorist, lived in Germany in 1996, and had lived in Hamburg since 1999.
Ziad Jarrah had a wealthy and secularist upbringing and moved to Germany in 1996. Prior to going to Germany, some sources indicate he attended private Christian schools. [Listed source: FBI, 4/19/2002; McDermott, 2005, pp. 49-50]
Hani Hanjour, another alleged 9/11 hijacker, first came to the United States in 1991, enrolling at the University of Arizona, where he studied English. According to Wikipedia, this was "prior to any intentions for a large-scale attack." He came back to the United States in 1996. According to the timeline, no evidence of radicalization or attack plans happened until he came to Arizona: "It is clear that when Hanjour lived in Arizona in the 1990s, he associated with several individuals who have been the subject of counterterrorism investigations.”
After 9/11, the other major terrorists who have attacked Americans on U.S. soil are the following persons:
Jose Padilla. An alleged terrorist, he was born in New York and lived in America, not the Middle East.
Richard Colvin Reid, the "shoe bomber." He was born and lived in Great Britain, not the Middle East.
Timothy James McVeigh. He was born in New York and was a member of the U.S. Army.
Ahmed Omar Abu Ali, an alleged terrorist. He graduated as valedictorian from a school in Alexandria, Virginia and attended the University of Maryland. He was born in Texas, not the Middle East. His conviction was upheld by the Fourth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, a rare victory for the Department of Justice in domestic terrorism cases. (To be fair, if you review the details of the case, it appears Mr. Ali's trial was highly irregular. The prosecution relied on a confession elicited while Mr. Ali was in Saudi custody.)
Theodore John Kaczynski aka the Unabomber. He had no relation with the Middle East. Born in Chicago, he graduated from Harvard University and then earned a PhD. He taught at Berkeley as a professor of mathematics.
We'll include the 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings (11/3). No al-Qaeda link has been established with these attacks, but we will include Jamal Zougam, who was convicted of terrorism. He lived mostly in Madrid, Spain--not the Middle East. If you look at this link, you will see that most of the alleged terrorists were born in Spain or Morocco--not the Middle East.
The above persons have or may have been directly responsible for the loss of most American and European lives through terrorism, and it appears not one of them had resided in the Middle East for several years when they decided to attack Americans on U.S. and European soil. Also, most of the terrorists above were not born in the Middle East.
How is it possible that people who should have been the European version of the American Dream--fluent in the host country's language, well-educated, and well-traveled--committed heinous acts? If we can answer that question, we will be much closer to determining how to make ourselves really safe, rather than "take your shoes off at the airport," "don't worry, let us spy on you," and "watch the Homeland Security color codes" safe.
What strikes me most about the terrorists mentioned above, especially the 9/11 terrorists--some of whom were able to get advanced degrees from German universities--is their inability to attain economic success. Richard Reid probably wasn’t middle class, but under Europe's generous-benefit state, he wasn't starving, either. As for the other British-born terrorists, despite having college degrees, some of them worked in a family-owned restaurant after college or spent a lot of time in the British version of the YMCA. One was a youth sports coach and worked in a field unrelated to his college degree.
What is most significant about all of these terrorists is their failure to launch any kind of career, not their birthplace or religion. If religion was the cause of terrorism or its common trait, it would not explain how at least 99% of the one billion Muslims worldwide manage to live peacefully. More saliently, to believe that religion is the common trait of terrorism, you have to believe that Islam, which has been around for thousands of years, suddenly inspired terrorism in the 20th century after centuries of no significant mass violence. (Before you research examples of Islamic violence prior to 1900, remember that World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Bosnia genocide, Mao, Stalin, the Khmer Rouge, and the Holocaust destroyed the most lives in the 20th century, and no rational person would argue what caused these deaths was the presence of white or German Christians--even though such backgrounds were a common trait in most of the aforementioned killings.) But if it's not religion or race that is the primary cause of terrorism, then what factors should we be reviewing?
Age and gender certainly have something to do with terrorism--almost all terrorists are men between the ages of 18 and 30, and most people agree that after 30, the male tendency to commit violence decreases. In fact, one reason Americans lock up violent men for such long periods of time is to age them out of their violence. In addition, there may be evolutionary aspects that promoted violence in younger men, who had to be strong and physical to fight off invaders and perhaps hunt. But we cannot accelerate age in men, so we have to turn our attention to a factor we can change.
The main factors we should examine are the economy and educational levels. The European residents became terrorists despite fulfilling what they believed were their "dues"--education, graduating in the top of their class, working hard, and even joining the military in some cases. They ended up worse off after their attempt to assimilate. Almost all of them came from affluent families and could have enjoyed a more simpler life had their parents stayed in the Middle East. When Atta, who had a successful father, who graduated at the top of his class, could not find a job as an engineer, he must have felt ashamed and powerless.
This unexpected result would create a problem psychologically for someone who uprooted himself from his native country, did everything he could to assimilate, and failed despite reaching the top levels of academia. It cannot be easy for an educated immigrant with an advanced degree to be unemployed or employed in a job unrelated to his degree and see seemingly lazy soccer hooligans with higher-paying jobs. Put another way, I am not concerned about a migrant Mexican worker committing mass scale terrorism in America; however, the Berkeley professor who can't get tenure or feels disrespected worries me.
Indeed, most researchers agree the 9/11 terrorists became more religious only after residing in Hamburg. I submit to you that when they could not find jobs related to their university degrees, they--having passed numerous benchmarks indicating they should be successful and respected--refused to believe the fault lay with them or their social skills. Consequently, they tried to assert themselves so as not to go gently into that good night.
Of course, I am not saying that being unemployed is a certain indicator of terrorism. But committing a major act of terrorism requires the same set of characteristics for success in jobs and universities: patience, ambition, and a quest for respect. Therefore, common sense tells us that "successful" terrorists will come from the same pool as the more educated population.
While my hypothesis may sound overly simplistic, whenever violent socialists or terrorists come into power, take note of who they kill. Revolutionaries never wipe out or exterminate the poor or uneducated. They know, deep down, the poor and uneducated are not a threat to them or any government. It's always the "intellectuals," the professors, the doctors, and the rich businessmen they kill. This pattern is clear and unambiguous. See Mao, Pol Pot, etc. The self-proclaimed "leaders of the common people" almost always kill people they believe have held them back from true and deserved greatness–and it’s usually the educated and affluent who are affected.
What does this have to do with economics, you might ask? In an economy that elevates service-based professions, most successful people follow a similar pattern: they (e.g. lawyers, doctors, engineers, MBAs, etc.) typically come from educated families themselves, making it more likely that their families can support them emotionally and/or financially while they put in the time after graduation to build up professional networks and skill sets. Eventually, most educated Europeans and educated American families are able to put their children into well-paying jobs, even if their children lack the same level of practical skills as immigrants.
Meanwhile, the system encourages immigrants to go to school, and a good job is expected after graduation. When the terrorists mentioned above did well in school and were relegated to working in a restaurant or having a dead-end job, they probably felt cheated. They may have believed the problem was with a decadent or capitalist society, not with them, because they had played by the rules and had succeeded by any measurable metric (e.g. diplomas, tests).
As a result of feeling tricked, these educated, European residents retracted into themselves and became more austere. Their reversion into fundamentalism created a self-fulfilling cycle--it certainly would not have assisted them with better employment prospects. Thus, the economy and education system put these terrorists into an embarrassing position--despite having a good track record of success per the metrics of the society in which they lived, they were similar to the unemployed and uneducated residents. Such a result would not be acceptable psychologically and may have created a need to lash out. It is important to note the terrorists who were born in the Middle East never committed violence and were not radical, for the most part, until after they left the Middle East.
If you don't have programs that employ successful immigrants who play by the rules, there may be an increased possibility of terrorism due to the cognitive dissonance created by what appears to be a "bait and switch." Indeed, a capitalist system based on attracting immigrants to a strange land, having them succeed academically, and then relegating them to the same status as uneducated native-born citizens will not function in the long term. Will it cause terrorism? I don't know--but such a "bait and switch" would explain the cognitive dissonance that caused the 9/11 terrorists to become more religious and violent only after they emigrated to Europe. Not one of the 9/11 terrorists had a documented reputation for any violent incidents when they lived in the Middle East. There are no reports of Jeffrey-Dahmer-like killings or Son of Sam hallucinations. In fact, almost all the data leads to the opposite conclusion--the 9/11 terrorists were chillingly normal for a group of educated, under-employed people.
Having said that, one reason America may not have to worry as much about native-born terrorists is because it is easier to be an entrepreneur in America than almost anywhere else in the world. As a result, an unemployed, educated male in America cannot automatically blame racism or society. The opportunity to open up a business means the government is able to transfer your angst or psychological problems about being unsuccessful unto you, absolving itself of blame (at least as a psychological defense to a cognitive dissonance). Indeed, American Muslims are highly successful. See WSJ article (Stephens/Rago, 8/24/05).
If my hypothesis is correct, America's culture of embracing small businesses and entrepreneurs is a significant weapon in warding off domestic terrorists. Successful educational programs and economic opportunities, not religion and not race, may be the keys to understanding terrorism. This is not as far-fetched as it seems, especially when you consider how much time you spend at your job and how isolated you would be if you were unemployed.
Lest Americans get too pleased with themselves, the "blame-anyone-but-yourself" mentality when faced with failure isn't restricted to potential terrorists; indeed, externalizing seems be to a part of human nature. For example, whenever Americans get worried about the economy, they seek to pass laws to exclude immigrants and other "hostile" races. Americans have a long history of doing this, and you should review the Chinese Exclusion Act to see how easy it is for anyone to lapse into a "blame-the-other" mentality. (Ironically, a recession may be the precise time to work harder to integrate all residents.)
What should we do if age, gender, economic opportunity, and education are the most relevant factors in identifying terrorists? You might be surprised--my answer is government intervention (an admittedly strange answer for a person who leans libertarian, like myself).
Remember: most immigrants are in a vulnerable situation. In a democratic republic, the majority doesn't have to kill whom they believe is their enemy--they can outvote people they believe are hostile. Due to the lack of grass roots organization and necessary critical mass of voters, the political process is inefficient at integrating or serving most new immigrants or minorities in a foreign country. A strong case may therefore be made for more government intervention on behalf of new immigrants who are invited to any country with the promises of jobs if they achieve certain benchmarks. Such programs will be controversial because current residents will complain that taxpayer monies are being diverted to non-citizens. However, America already spends billions of dollars in taxpayer monies stabilizing international governments, including Jordan, Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria. A few additional million dollars shouldn't be controversial if our government promotes a smoother immigration system for educated transplants.
I have sought to prove nothing more than the fact that a man's economic future and age matter more in the calculus of committing terrorism than his race, religion, or birthplace. If correct, Americans should be spending more money on two fronts: one, working with Europeans to create programs assisting all highly educated immigrants or drop-outs who are not employed within six months of graduation or arrival in Europe; and two, more closely tracking under-employment or unemployment among America's H-1B immigrants or other educated invitees. Such programs, unlike the Iraq War or the War on Terror, won't cost a trillion dollars or more in taxpayer monies and will sustain America's position in the world as attracting the best and brightest.
Update on September 11, 2008: Today's SJ Merc had a column by Trudy Rubin titled, "So-called 'war on terrorism' can't be won on a battlefield." Mr. Rubin quotes Al-Qaida expert Peter Bergen, who "believes the terrorist threat to Western countries will come from Europe. Alienated young educated Muslims in Europe were behind the 9/11 attacks, and subsequent bombings in Europe...This fight requires smart long-term strategy, not mass mobilization."
Update on March 15, 2009: if you still disagree with the link between educated, middle-class persons and terrorism, review the SLA (Symbionese Liberation Army). Almost all its members, including Sara Jane Olson, were from the middle class and educated.
See also reports about an MIT grad, Aafia Siddiqui, below. Of all the allegations of terrorism, this case is the most interesting to me:
https://www.bostonmagazine.com/2006/05/15/whos-afraid-of-aafia-siddiqui/
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/04/AR2008090402245.html
It's strange and almost unbelievable that an MIT graduate couldn't think of more productive ways to live her life. If true, Ms. Siddiqui herself may show a link between high education, intelligence, and terrorism.
Update on March 29, 2009: the "high intelligence" and "terrorism" link may continue with an OU student, Joel "Joe" Henry Hinrichs III. He was a National Merit Scholar allegedly responsible for the 2005 University of Oklahoma bombing.
Update on April 4, 2009: the Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhof Group) fits the profile above. With the exception of one member, all participants were educated.
Update on May 22, 2009: I wanted to add this link [Editor's note: use Wayback Machine to access link] because it shows that focusing exclusively on Middle Easterners is a flawed strategy. Most of the men in the alleged 2005 plot were Americans with American names: Kevin James, Levar Washington, and Gregory Patterson. All were men under the age of 30.
Update on August 2009: As the George Sodini shooting demonstrates, the ignored male can be the most dangerous beast of all. Sodini's case is particularly interesting, because he was much older than 30 years old and had plenty of money (at least 225K, which he tried to bequeath to the University of Pittsburgh).
Update on September 10, 2009: A British jury convicted British-born Abdulla Ahmed Ali, Tanvir Hussain, and Assad Sarwar of conspiring to murder by setting off liquid bombs smuggled aboard seven North American-bound airliners. See here.
Update on December 28, 2009: Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab recently attempted to blow up a plane. According to the AP's Jon Gambrell, he "received the best schooling," from various elite schools, including the British International School in West Africa and the University College London.
This article also has the following insight: “'There remains in London a problem of assimilation for outsiders. The society is closed. The city is open, but the people are not,'” argues Mr. Fandy." It's hard not to see that a European residency is highly correlated with recent radicalized immigrants.
Update on January 18, 2010: Cuneyt Ciftci staged a suicide bombing in Afghanistan in March 2008, killing four people, including two American soldiers. He was born in Germany. (From WQ, Winter 2010, page 45.)
Update on May 5, 2010: From this Guardian story: Faisal Shahzad, an American citizen, "came from a wealthy family. He earned an MBA. He had a well-educated wife and two kids and owned a house in a middle-class Connecticut suburb."
Added on May 30, 2012: see Karim Thami el-Mejjati, a French citizen born in Morocco to a wealthy Moroccan father and a French mother. Casablanca is known as a very open, secular city and similar to many European cities. Karim was either a medical or engineering student. Press accounts indicate that growing up, he liked the United States and was a fan of Clint Eastwood. He married a law graduate who worked at a Casablanca medical school. He was a secular European prior to 1991, and by then, he had enjoyed vacationing at various European resorts. According to his wife, Fatihah Mohammed Al-Taher Hosni: "I married Al-Majati on September 25, 1991 [he would have been around 24 years old]. All the events I've told you about so far took place in within a year. I believe it was God's will that I brought Al-Majati back to Islam, because before the veil issue, both of us were Muslims in name but not in practice...At the time, we were both Westernized, similar to other young non-religious Moroccans who aspired to get a good job and live abroad. For both my husband and I, our connection to God and Islam was almost non-existent."
Added on July 20, 2012: James Holmes was a graduate student in the neuroscience program at the University of Colorado Medical School campus in Aurora, CO. The 24 year-old Holmes was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa and Golden Key honor societies. On July 20, 2012, Holmes used several weapons to kill 12 movie-goers and to injure about 60 of them in a movie theater. According to MSNBC, a "neighbor, Tom Mai, told The Los Angeles Times that Holmes was a shy, well-mannered kid who was very active in the church. He had trouble finding work after college, Mai said, and then went off to graduate school."
Update on January 19, 2011: Reza Aslan, in Beyond Fundamentalism (2009, 2010) echoes some of my thoughts:
"[L]ack of integration is hardly an issue for Europe's jihadists. Hasib Hussain was, by all accounts, well integrated into British society, as was the leader of the 7/7 attacks, Mohammed Siddique Khan...Jamal Zougam, the man thought to be responsible for placing the explosions on a Spanish commuter train that killed 191 people on March 11, 2004, was a fairly successful businessman in Madrid. Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, the murderer of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl, was a highly educated British-born Pakistani from a well-adjusted middle-class family.
These men are doctors, lawyers, and engineers, the best and brightest...Jihadism attracts the same kind of person who, in other circumstances and with different challenges, would have joined an antiglobalization or civil rights movement." (pages 146-147, "Generation E," paperback edition)
Update on April 19, 2013: (Boston Marathon alleged bombers) Dzhokar Tsarnaev, 19, a naturalized U.S. citizen, attended the Cambridge Rindge and Latin high school in Massachusetts. In May 2011, the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts awarded him a $2,500 scholarship to pursue higher education and honored the award recipients at city hall.
"I like the USA," Tamerlan [Tsarnaev] was quoted as saying in The Sun of Lowell, Mass. "America has a lot of jobs. That's something Russia doesn't have. You have a chance to make money here if you are willing to work." (From AP, Jeff Donn, April 19, 2013)
From WSJ (4/22/13, Alan Cullison): "[H]is [Tamerlan Tsarnaev's] boxing career stalled, he drifted in and out of community-college courses...he didn't have a job..."
"It was hard because you realize that you used to be somebody there, but here, you're a nobody," said Maret Tsarnaeva, the brothers' aunt.
Update on January 8, 2015: re: attack against France's Charlie Hebdo newspaper on January 7, 2015, at least one of the attackers was known to authorities: "Attorney Vincent Ollivier said his client, Cherif Kouachi...22, lived his entire life in France and was not particularly religious... He drank, smoked pot, slept with his girlfriend and delivered pizzas for a living. His parents, Algerian immigrants, are dead." (From Mark Houser, May 29, 2005--almost ten years before the attack.)
Bonus: "Most of the future 9/11 hijackers are middle class and have relatively comfortable upbringings, even though, after 9/11, some people in Western countries will say one of the root causes of the attacks was poverty and assume that the hijackers must have been poor. The editor of Al Watan, a Saudi Arabian daily, will call the hijackers 'middle class adventurers' rather than Islamist fundamentalist ideologues." From here. [Update: possible broken link]
Update on February 15, 2016: http://www.cnn.com/2015/02/19/opinion/bergen-terrorism-root-causes/index.html (Peter Bergen, "The bourgeois terrorist," published 2/27/15)
In "his important 2004 book 'Understanding Terror Networks,' psychiatrist Marc Sageman, a former CIA case officer, examined the backgrounds of 172 militants who were part of al Qaeda or a similar group. Just under half were professionals; two-thirds were either middle or upper class and had gone to college; indeed, several had doctorates."
Let's start with Osama bin Laden. Although he resides in the Middle East, he comes from an affluent family. He has not personally killed Americans on American soil and probably never will, because of his inability to blend into American society. Osama bin Laden's inability to directly kill Americans renders him a lesser, though important, target than others, who can personally attack U.S. citizens on American soil. As we will see, Osama bin Laden is an exception to the list of cross-border terrorists, because most cross-border terrorists do not live in the Middle East.
For example, the persons allegedly responsible for the 7 July 2005 ("7/7") London bombings all lived in the U.K. The alleged ringleader, Mohammad Sidique Khan, was middle class, a college graduate, and married a woman so connected that the Queen invited her mother to a Buckingham Palace party. Another alleged bomber, Shehzad Tanweer, left behind over 225,000 dollars (121,000 pounds) and was a U.K. college graduate. Mr. Tanweer lacked a job related to his sports science degree. Mr. Khan also lacked a job related to his business studies degree, which he received in 1996. All persons who allegedly carried out the London bombings lived in Britain and had most recently lived there, not the Middle East, prior to the attacks.
The persons who murdered Americans on 9/11 on U.S. soil did not live in the Middle East prior to their attack. Most of them actually lived in Germany for years before deciding to commit terrorism. Many of them lacked jobs related to their university degrees. Going down the list of 9/11 participants, a clear pattern emerges of highly-educated, underemployed, long-term European residents--not Middle Eastern residents.
Zacarias Moussaoui, a would-be hijacker, is a French citizen. He did not live in the Middle East when he decided to kill others. He holds a master's degree in International Business from South Bank University in London.
While we will never know his exact devolution, Mohammad Atta, the person most associated with 9/11, did not become fundamentalist until after he came to Hamburg, Germany. Atta lived in Hamburg for at least five years before committing any act of terrorism. He graduated from Hamburg University of Technology and studied for years in Germany without attracting any significant attention. He also lived in the U.S. for around a year before committing any terrorist act.
Said Bahaji, an alleged 9/11 attacker, was a German citizen and lived in Hamburg since 1995. He attended a European electrical engineering university program. He even enlisted in the German army for a few months. He did not live in the Middle East prior to the attacks.
Marwan Yousef al-Shehhi, another alleged 9/11 terrorist, lived in Germany in 1996, and had lived in Hamburg since 1999.
Ziad Jarrah had a wealthy and secularist upbringing and moved to Germany in 1996. Prior to going to Germany, some sources indicate he attended private Christian schools. [Listed source: FBI, 4/19/2002; McDermott, 2005, pp. 49-50]
Hani Hanjour, another alleged 9/11 hijacker, first came to the United States in 1991, enrolling at the University of Arizona, where he studied English. According to Wikipedia, this was "prior to any intentions for a large-scale attack." He came back to the United States in 1996. According to the timeline, no evidence of radicalization or attack plans happened until he came to Arizona: "It is clear that when Hanjour lived in Arizona in the 1990s, he associated with several individuals who have been the subject of counterterrorism investigations.”
After 9/11, the other major terrorists who have attacked Americans on U.S. soil are the following persons:
Jose Padilla. An alleged terrorist, he was born in New York and lived in America, not the Middle East.
Richard Colvin Reid, the "shoe bomber." He was born and lived in Great Britain, not the Middle East.
Timothy James McVeigh. He was born in New York and was a member of the U.S. Army.
Ahmed Omar Abu Ali, an alleged terrorist. He graduated as valedictorian from a school in Alexandria, Virginia and attended the University of Maryland. He was born in Texas, not the Middle East. His conviction was upheld by the Fourth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, a rare victory for the Department of Justice in domestic terrorism cases. (To be fair, if you review the details of the case, it appears Mr. Ali's trial was highly irregular. The prosecution relied on a confession elicited while Mr. Ali was in Saudi custody.)
Theodore John Kaczynski aka the Unabomber. He had no relation with the Middle East. Born in Chicago, he graduated from Harvard University and then earned a PhD. He taught at Berkeley as a professor of mathematics.
We'll include the 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings (11/3). No al-Qaeda link has been established with these attacks, but we will include Jamal Zougam, who was convicted of terrorism. He lived mostly in Madrid, Spain--not the Middle East. If you look at this link, you will see that most of the alleged terrorists were born in Spain or Morocco--not the Middle East.
The above persons have or may have been directly responsible for the loss of most American and European lives through terrorism, and it appears not one of them had resided in the Middle East for several years when they decided to attack Americans on U.S. and European soil. Also, most of the terrorists above were not born in the Middle East.
How is it possible that people who should have been the European version of the American Dream--fluent in the host country's language, well-educated, and well-traveled--committed heinous acts? If we can answer that question, we will be much closer to determining how to make ourselves really safe, rather than "take your shoes off at the airport," "don't worry, let us spy on you," and "watch the Homeland Security color codes" safe.
What strikes me most about the terrorists mentioned above, especially the 9/11 terrorists--some of whom were able to get advanced degrees from German universities--is their inability to attain economic success. Richard Reid probably wasn’t middle class, but under Europe's generous-benefit state, he wasn't starving, either. As for the other British-born terrorists, despite having college degrees, some of them worked in a family-owned restaurant after college or spent a lot of time in the British version of the YMCA. One was a youth sports coach and worked in a field unrelated to his college degree.
What is most significant about all of these terrorists is their failure to launch any kind of career, not their birthplace or religion. If religion was the cause of terrorism or its common trait, it would not explain how at least 99% of the one billion Muslims worldwide manage to live peacefully. More saliently, to believe that religion is the common trait of terrorism, you have to believe that Islam, which has been around for thousands of years, suddenly inspired terrorism in the 20th century after centuries of no significant mass violence. (Before you research examples of Islamic violence prior to 1900, remember that World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Bosnia genocide, Mao, Stalin, the Khmer Rouge, and the Holocaust destroyed the most lives in the 20th century, and no rational person would argue what caused these deaths was the presence of white or German Christians--even though such backgrounds were a common trait in most of the aforementioned killings.) But if it's not religion or race that is the primary cause of terrorism, then what factors should we be reviewing?
Age and gender certainly have something to do with terrorism--almost all terrorists are men between the ages of 18 and 30, and most people agree that after 30, the male tendency to commit violence decreases. In fact, one reason Americans lock up violent men for such long periods of time is to age them out of their violence. In addition, there may be evolutionary aspects that promoted violence in younger men, who had to be strong and physical to fight off invaders and perhaps hunt. But we cannot accelerate age in men, so we have to turn our attention to a factor we can change.
The main factors we should examine are the economy and educational levels. The European residents became terrorists despite fulfilling what they believed were their "dues"--education, graduating in the top of their class, working hard, and even joining the military in some cases. They ended up worse off after their attempt to assimilate. Almost all of them came from affluent families and could have enjoyed a more simpler life had their parents stayed in the Middle East. When Atta, who had a successful father, who graduated at the top of his class, could not find a job as an engineer, he must have felt ashamed and powerless.
This unexpected result would create a problem psychologically for someone who uprooted himself from his native country, did everything he could to assimilate, and failed despite reaching the top levels of academia. It cannot be easy for an educated immigrant with an advanced degree to be unemployed or employed in a job unrelated to his degree and see seemingly lazy soccer hooligans with higher-paying jobs. Put another way, I am not concerned about a migrant Mexican worker committing mass scale terrorism in America; however, the Berkeley professor who can't get tenure or feels disrespected worries me.
Indeed, most researchers agree the 9/11 terrorists became more religious only after residing in Hamburg. I submit to you that when they could not find jobs related to their university degrees, they--having passed numerous benchmarks indicating they should be successful and respected--refused to believe the fault lay with them or their social skills. Consequently, they tried to assert themselves so as not to go gently into that good night.
Of course, I am not saying that being unemployed is a certain indicator of terrorism. But committing a major act of terrorism requires the same set of characteristics for success in jobs and universities: patience, ambition, and a quest for respect. Therefore, common sense tells us that "successful" terrorists will come from the same pool as the more educated population.
While my hypothesis may sound overly simplistic, whenever violent socialists or terrorists come into power, take note of who they kill. Revolutionaries never wipe out or exterminate the poor or uneducated. They know, deep down, the poor and uneducated are not a threat to them or any government. It's always the "intellectuals," the professors, the doctors, and the rich businessmen they kill. This pattern is clear and unambiguous. See Mao, Pol Pot, etc. The self-proclaimed "leaders of the common people" almost always kill people they believe have held them back from true and deserved greatness–and it’s usually the educated and affluent who are affected.
What does this have to do with economics, you might ask? In an economy that elevates service-based professions, most successful people follow a similar pattern: they (e.g. lawyers, doctors, engineers, MBAs, etc.) typically come from educated families themselves, making it more likely that their families can support them emotionally and/or financially while they put in the time after graduation to build up professional networks and skill sets. Eventually, most educated Europeans and educated American families are able to put their children into well-paying jobs, even if their children lack the same level of practical skills as immigrants.
Meanwhile, the system encourages immigrants to go to school, and a good job is expected after graduation. When the terrorists mentioned above did well in school and were relegated to working in a restaurant or having a dead-end job, they probably felt cheated. They may have believed the problem was with a decadent or capitalist society, not with them, because they had played by the rules and had succeeded by any measurable metric (e.g. diplomas, tests).
As a result of feeling tricked, these educated, European residents retracted into themselves and became more austere. Their reversion into fundamentalism created a self-fulfilling cycle--it certainly would not have assisted them with better employment prospects. Thus, the economy and education system put these terrorists into an embarrassing position--despite having a good track record of success per the metrics of the society in which they lived, they were similar to the unemployed and uneducated residents. Such a result would not be acceptable psychologically and may have created a need to lash out. It is important to note the terrorists who were born in the Middle East never committed violence and were not radical, for the most part, until after they left the Middle East.
If you don't have programs that employ successful immigrants who play by the rules, there may be an increased possibility of terrorism due to the cognitive dissonance created by what appears to be a "bait and switch." Indeed, a capitalist system based on attracting immigrants to a strange land, having them succeed academically, and then relegating them to the same status as uneducated native-born citizens will not function in the long term. Will it cause terrorism? I don't know--but such a "bait and switch" would explain the cognitive dissonance that caused the 9/11 terrorists to become more religious and violent only after they emigrated to Europe. Not one of the 9/11 terrorists had a documented reputation for any violent incidents when they lived in the Middle East. There are no reports of Jeffrey-Dahmer-like killings or Son of Sam hallucinations. In fact, almost all the data leads to the opposite conclusion--the 9/11 terrorists were chillingly normal for a group of educated, under-employed people.
Having said that, one reason America may not have to worry as much about native-born terrorists is because it is easier to be an entrepreneur in America than almost anywhere else in the world. As a result, an unemployed, educated male in America cannot automatically blame racism or society. The opportunity to open up a business means the government is able to transfer your angst or psychological problems about being unsuccessful unto you, absolving itself of blame (at least as a psychological defense to a cognitive dissonance). Indeed, American Muslims are highly successful. See WSJ article (Stephens/Rago, 8/24/05).
If my hypothesis is correct, America's culture of embracing small businesses and entrepreneurs is a significant weapon in warding off domestic terrorists. Successful educational programs and economic opportunities, not religion and not race, may be the keys to understanding terrorism. This is not as far-fetched as it seems, especially when you consider how much time you spend at your job and how isolated you would be if you were unemployed.
Lest Americans get too pleased with themselves, the "blame-anyone-but-yourself" mentality when faced with failure isn't restricted to potential terrorists; indeed, externalizing seems be to a part of human nature. For example, whenever Americans get worried about the economy, they seek to pass laws to exclude immigrants and other "hostile" races. Americans have a long history of doing this, and you should review the Chinese Exclusion Act to see how easy it is for anyone to lapse into a "blame-the-other" mentality. (Ironically, a recession may be the precise time to work harder to integrate all residents.)
What should we do if age, gender, economic opportunity, and education are the most relevant factors in identifying terrorists? You might be surprised--my answer is government intervention (an admittedly strange answer for a person who leans libertarian, like myself).
Remember: most immigrants are in a vulnerable situation. In a democratic republic, the majority doesn't have to kill whom they believe is their enemy--they can outvote people they believe are hostile. Due to the lack of grass roots organization and necessary critical mass of voters, the political process is inefficient at integrating or serving most new immigrants or minorities in a foreign country. A strong case may therefore be made for more government intervention on behalf of new immigrants who are invited to any country with the promises of jobs if they achieve certain benchmarks. Such programs will be controversial because current residents will complain that taxpayer monies are being diverted to non-citizens. However, America already spends billions of dollars in taxpayer monies stabilizing international governments, including Jordan, Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria. A few additional million dollars shouldn't be controversial if our government promotes a smoother immigration system for educated transplants.
I have sought to prove nothing more than the fact that a man's economic future and age matter more in the calculus of committing terrorism than his race, religion, or birthplace. If correct, Americans should be spending more money on two fronts: one, working with Europeans to create programs assisting all highly educated immigrants or drop-outs who are not employed within six months of graduation or arrival in Europe; and two, more closely tracking under-employment or unemployment among America's H-1B immigrants or other educated invitees. Such programs, unlike the Iraq War or the War on Terror, won't cost a trillion dollars or more in taxpayer monies and will sustain America's position in the world as attracting the best and brightest.
Update on September 11, 2008: Today's SJ Merc had a column by Trudy Rubin titled, "So-called 'war on terrorism' can't be won on a battlefield." Mr. Rubin quotes Al-Qaida expert Peter Bergen, who "believes the terrorist threat to Western countries will come from Europe. Alienated young educated Muslims in Europe were behind the 9/11 attacks, and subsequent bombings in Europe...This fight requires smart long-term strategy, not mass mobilization."
Update on March 15, 2009: if you still disagree with the link between educated, middle-class persons and terrorism, review the SLA (Symbionese Liberation Army). Almost all its members, including Sara Jane Olson, were from the middle class and educated.
See also reports about an MIT grad, Aafia Siddiqui, below. Of all the allegations of terrorism, this case is the most interesting to me:
https://www.bostonmagazine.com/2006/05/15/whos-afraid-of-aafia-siddiqui/
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/04/AR2008090402245.html
It's strange and almost unbelievable that an MIT graduate couldn't think of more productive ways to live her life. If true, Ms. Siddiqui herself may show a link between high education, intelligence, and terrorism.
Update on March 29, 2009: the "high intelligence" and "terrorism" link may continue with an OU student, Joel "Joe" Henry Hinrichs III. He was a National Merit Scholar allegedly responsible for the 2005 University of Oklahoma bombing.
Update on April 4, 2009: the Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhof Group) fits the profile above. With the exception of one member, all participants were educated.
Update on May 22, 2009: I wanted to add this link [Editor's note: use Wayback Machine to access link] because it shows that focusing exclusively on Middle Easterners is a flawed strategy. Most of the men in the alleged 2005 plot were Americans with American names: Kevin James, Levar Washington, and Gregory Patterson. All were men under the age of 30.
Update on August 2009: As the George Sodini shooting demonstrates, the ignored male can be the most dangerous beast of all. Sodini's case is particularly interesting, because he was much older than 30 years old and had plenty of money (at least 225K, which he tried to bequeath to the University of Pittsburgh).
Update on September 10, 2009: A British jury convicted British-born Abdulla Ahmed Ali, Tanvir Hussain, and Assad Sarwar of conspiring to murder by setting off liquid bombs smuggled aboard seven North American-bound airliners. See here.
Update on December 28, 2009: Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab recently attempted to blow up a plane. According to the AP's Jon Gambrell, he "received the best schooling," from various elite schools, including the British International School in West Africa and the University College London.
This article also has the following insight: “'There remains in London a problem of assimilation for outsiders. The society is closed. The city is open, but the people are not,'” argues Mr. Fandy." It's hard not to see that a European residency is highly correlated with recent radicalized immigrants.
Update on January 18, 2010: Cuneyt Ciftci staged a suicide bombing in Afghanistan in March 2008, killing four people, including two American soldiers. He was born in Germany. (From WQ, Winter 2010, page 45.)
Update on May 5, 2010: From this Guardian story: Faisal Shahzad, an American citizen, "came from a wealthy family. He earned an MBA. He had a well-educated wife and two kids and owned a house in a middle-class Connecticut suburb."
Added on May 30, 2012: see Karim Thami el-Mejjati, a French citizen born in Morocco to a wealthy Moroccan father and a French mother. Casablanca is known as a very open, secular city and similar to many European cities. Karim was either a medical or engineering student. Press accounts indicate that growing up, he liked the United States and was a fan of Clint Eastwood. He married a law graduate who worked at a Casablanca medical school. He was a secular European prior to 1991, and by then, he had enjoyed vacationing at various European resorts. According to his wife, Fatihah Mohammed Al-Taher Hosni: "I married Al-Majati on September 25, 1991 [he would have been around 24 years old]. All the events I've told you about so far took place in within a year. I believe it was God's will that I brought Al-Majati back to Islam, because before the veil issue, both of us were Muslims in name but not in practice...At the time, we were both Westernized, similar to other young non-religious Moroccans who aspired to get a good job and live abroad. For both my husband and I, our connection to God and Islam was almost non-existent."
Added on July 20, 2012: James Holmes was a graduate student in the neuroscience program at the University of Colorado Medical School campus in Aurora, CO. The 24 year-old Holmes was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa and Golden Key honor societies. On July 20, 2012, Holmes used several weapons to kill 12 movie-goers and to injure about 60 of them in a movie theater. According to MSNBC, a "neighbor, Tom Mai, told The Los Angeles Times that Holmes was a shy, well-mannered kid who was very active in the church. He had trouble finding work after college, Mai said, and then went off to graduate school."
Update on January 19, 2011: Reza Aslan, in Beyond Fundamentalism (2009, 2010) echoes some of my thoughts:
"[L]ack of integration is hardly an issue for Europe's jihadists. Hasib Hussain was, by all accounts, well integrated into British society, as was the leader of the 7/7 attacks, Mohammed Siddique Khan...Jamal Zougam, the man thought to be responsible for placing the explosions on a Spanish commuter train that killed 191 people on March 11, 2004, was a fairly successful businessman in Madrid. Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, the murderer of Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl, was a highly educated British-born Pakistani from a well-adjusted middle-class family.
These men are doctors, lawyers, and engineers, the best and brightest...Jihadism attracts the same kind of person who, in other circumstances and with different challenges, would have joined an antiglobalization or civil rights movement." (pages 146-147, "Generation E," paperback edition)
Update on April 19, 2013: (Boston Marathon alleged bombers) Dzhokar Tsarnaev, 19, a naturalized U.S. citizen, attended the Cambridge Rindge and Latin high school in Massachusetts. In May 2011, the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts awarded him a $2,500 scholarship to pursue higher education and honored the award recipients at city hall.
"I like the USA," Tamerlan [Tsarnaev] was quoted as saying in The Sun of Lowell, Mass. "America has a lot of jobs. That's something Russia doesn't have. You have a chance to make money here if you are willing to work." (From AP, Jeff Donn, April 19, 2013)
From WSJ (4/22/13, Alan Cullison): "[H]is [Tamerlan Tsarnaev's] boxing career stalled, he drifted in and out of community-college courses...he didn't have a job..."
"It was hard because you realize that you used to be somebody there, but here, you're a nobody," said Maret Tsarnaeva, the brothers' aunt.
Update on January 8, 2015: re: attack against France's Charlie Hebdo newspaper on January 7, 2015, at least one of the attackers was known to authorities: "Attorney Vincent Ollivier said his client, Cherif Kouachi...22, lived his entire life in France and was not particularly religious... He drank, smoked pot, slept with his girlfriend and delivered pizzas for a living. His parents, Algerian immigrants, are dead." (From Mark Houser, May 29, 2005--almost ten years before the attack.)
Bonus: "Most of the future 9/11 hijackers are middle class and have relatively comfortable upbringings, even though, after 9/11, some people in Western countries will say one of the root causes of the attacks was poverty and assume that the hijackers must have been poor. The editor of Al Watan, a Saudi Arabian daily, will call the hijackers 'middle class adventurers' rather than Islamist fundamentalist ideologues." From here. [Update: possible broken link]
Update on February 15, 2016: http://www.cnn.com/2015/02/19/opinion/bergen-terrorism-root-causes/index.html (Peter Bergen, "The bourgeois terrorist," published 2/27/15)
In "his important 2004 book 'Understanding Terror Networks,' psychiatrist Marc Sageman, a former CIA case officer, examined the backgrounds of 172 militants who were part of al Qaeda or a similar group. Just under half were professionals; two-thirds were either middle or upper class and had gone to college; indeed, several had doctorates."
Monday, June 9, 2008
Education: CA Schools, 60 billion, and Melinda Gates
In today's WSJ, Melinda Gates implies that the 60 billion dollars the Gates Foundation possesses might not be as grand as it sounds. Ms. Gates reveals that the state of California spends 60 billion per year on education alone. Yup, 60 billion dollars on education every single year...and California is ranked among the lowest in the nation (47th or so) in educational attainment.
Sunday, June 8, 2008
Law: Supreme Federal Court of Brazil
I took away the suspense by revealing what this was in the title, but take a look at this magnificent building. I'd love to work in a place like that, and I haven't even seen its interior!
Here is a direct link to the Brazilian Supreme Court's website (in Portuguese):
http://www.stf.gov.br/portal/principal/principal.asp
From what I gather from other sources, it appears the Brazilian Supreme Court allows videos in its chambers so the public can view its proceedings. The U.S. Supreme Court, on the other hand, is more private--Justice Souter once remarked, "The day you see a camera come into our courtroom, it's going to roll over my dead body...The judiciary is not a political institution, nor is it part of the entertainment industry."
The populist in me is disgusted with Justice Souter, but he may have a point--if the media took a Justice's statements and questions out of context, it may effectively silence rigorous debate. Still, it is possible to get written transcripts of hearings afterwards, so perhaps the visual aspect of television cameras bothers Justice Souter more than his concern for free speech.
One important note about the law--if judges want to rule a certain way, there is always some way to arrive at the end result based on personal preferences. Here, you can't really tell if Justice Souter just wants to avoid publicity if he says something incorrect, or if he really does believe that his speech would be curtailed. As a government branch, a court's independence should be tempered with transparency, and allowing cameras does not interfere with a judge's freedom of speech--especially when he or she has a secure lifetime appointment. Also, when Justice Souter says that the Court is not a political branch, he is correct--but it is still a government branch, and the Founders of this country demanded transparency in government.
George Mason, a lesser-known Founder, warned us that a "corrupt oppressive Aristocracy" might result after the Constitution was adopted, which expanded government powers. One way to see whether judges are following the right path is to see what our Founders would have thought about a particular course of action. Federalist #81 contradicts Justice Souter, because it shows the Founders were concerned more with state, not federal, courts losing their independence: "State judges, holding their offices during pleasure, or from year to year [not with lifetime appointments like in federal courts], will be too little independent to be relied upon for an inflexible execution of the national laws."
Thus, when Justice Kennedy, a federal Supreme Court judge, says that it is acceptable to have cameras in trial courts--most of which are state courts--rather than the U.S. Supreme Court, he seems to have the opposite view of the Founders. The Founders believed that we should be more concerned with the "lower" courts lacking independence, because state court judges don't have lifetime appointments and might be swayed more by the political climate of their day or media pressure. The simple counter-argument to Justice Souter is that he is a federal judge with a lifetime appointment and is therefore effectively insulated against any criticism or pressure. A thin skin should not impede the public's right to see what goes on in their government--lest we lapse into George Mason's worst nightmare.
Some of Thomas Jefferson's thoughts on the judiciary may also be relevant here:
To consider the judges as the ultimate arbiters of all constitutional questions [is] a very dangerous doctrine indeed, and one which would place us under the despotism of an oligarchy. Our judges are as honest as other men and not more so. They have with others the same passions for party, for power, and the privilege of their corps. Their maxim is boni judicis est ampliare jurisdictionem [good justice is broad jurisdiction], and their power the more dangerous as they are in office for life and not responsible, as the other functionaries are, to the elective control. The Constitution has erected no such single tribunal, knowing that to whatever hands confided, with the corruptions of time and party, its members would become despots. It has more wisely made all the departments co-equal and co-sovereign within themselves. --Thomas Jefferson to William C. Jarvis, 1820. ME 15:277
Now, this is especially interesting, because in Federalist 78, Alexander Hamilton states that the judiciary "will always be the least dangerous to the political rights of the Constitution; because it will be least in a capacity to annoy or injure them...The judiciary...has no influence over either the sword or the purse...It may truly be said to have neither FORCE nor WILL but merely judgment; and must ultimately depend upon the aid of the executive arm even for the efficacy of its judgments." In other words, while Hamilton sees the judiciary as the least powerful of the three branches, Jefferson sees it as the most likely to lapse into corruption because of its unaccountability to the public.
You can see why Jefferson and Hamilton disliked each other. Hamilton's words form a velvet glove against Jefferson's appeal to the slippery slope of judiciary power, but Jefferson's fears were well-founded. Many judges, by allowing frivolous cases to continue after it is obvious that such cases lack damages or merit, unwittingly expand their authority at the expense of private citizens' property rights. In a blow to Jefferson's logic, part of this inability to dismiss frivolous cases--thus costing everyone more tax dollars and the parties more attorneys' fees--is because judges need more power to dismiss cases. But expanding a government official's power is almost never the best course of action, which is why the judiciary and court systems present unique problems.
Above all, the judiciary--which draws its members more from government careerists than small business and the dismal science--lacks the basic understanding that judges and lawyers create nothing tangible and should therefore be more circumspect when it comes to transferring property and wealth in their civil courts. Rather than view the lawyers--both plaintiffs' and defense--who appear before them as net losses on society, lawyers are most often treated with respect despite having meritless cases and unreasonable clients. For example, I recently had a state court judge give a 60 days' extension to two other lawyers to serve a defendant that they'd known about for over a year but recently added to the case. Despite my strenuous objections to the judge (I actually did say, "I strenuously object"), the judge granted the extension. As I predicted, the lawyers did not serve the defendant. The lawyer requesting the extension has been around for decades, and therefore gets instant respect from the judges (to be fair, the lawyer had just entered into the case and was acting on advice of the in-house counsel, who was the one who probably knew the defendant couldn't be served).
Why does any of this matter? It matters because this one example demonstrates that the judge, despite being told that the other side had known about a defendant for over a year and failed to add or serve them, still granted an extension--thereby expanding his jurisdiction, exactly as Jefferson had feared. Also, the additional 60 days delayed getting to trial, and my clients had to pay me more money for other motions that would not have been possible without the extension.
So ultimately, it's not the judiciary that is the sole problem--it's lawyers, who are essentially quasi-governmental agents who create nothing and yet have the power to take property from private citizens by action or inaction. As you can see, this judge was really just deferring to a very experienced lawyer, and in doing so, expanded the court's jurisdiction (in terms of receiving more motions and more legal issues to resolve). But his intent was not to expand the court's jurisdiction--it was to help out a lawyer trying to do her job.
If it's not the judge's fault, then what is the root cause of the problems of expansive jurisdiction and costly delays in litigation? Part of the problem is lawyers asking for unreasonable extensions or making unreasonable demands, which result in more attorneys' fees being paid to them. Lawyers are rewarded for pushing and extending cases rather than resolving them--a backwards incentive if there ever was one. As a result of this perverse scheme, an unreasonable lawyer makes more money than a reasonable lawyer because the earlier a case settles, the less money the lawyer makes. And since there's really no way to restrict lawyers from behaving unreasonably except to expand judicial power to dismiss cases, we go back to the fear Jefferson had--that by expanding power, we invite despots, even ones acting unconsciously so (no despot ever thinks he is a despot).
What's the solution? Pass fewer laws. Each law should have a rigorous cost-benefit analysis to determine whether it will harm small businesses and ultimately the economy by reducing innovation. Unfortunately, those considerations are not usually the starting point for legal analysis. Many laws are passed in response to fear (The Patriot Act) or media-magnified problems (Enron, Worldcom--out of the thousands of companies, two companies made it difficult for every else to do business). So it's not the judiciary that's to blame--it's your Senators and your legislature, who can't seem to get along well enough to look out for all of us, not just their lobbyists. But we're not done yet, mon ami. Do you remember who elects your Senators and Representatives, both state and federal? Perhaps there's a glimmer of recognition there. Yes, you are correct--at the end of the day, it's you and me.
So the next time you vote for a law or Proposition or Measure without reading the actual law to determine how ambiguous it is (the more undefined terms, the more power a judge has) and without considering a cost-benefit analysis, remember John Donne's famous words: "send not to know / For whom the bell tolls, / It tolls for thee."
Saturday, June 7, 2008
J.K. Rowling on Poverty
From J.K. Rowling's June 2008 commencement speech at Harvard:
Poverty entails fear, and stress, and sometimes depression; it means a thousand petty humiliations and hardships. Climbing out of poverty by your own efforts, that is indeed something on which to pride yourself, but poverty itself is romanticized only by fools.
http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2008/06.05/
99-rowlingspeech.html
Or, in the words of Chaim Topol, "You made many, many poor people. I realize, of course, it's no shame to be poor, but it's no great honor, either."
Poverty entails fear, and stress, and sometimes depression; it means a thousand petty humiliations and hardships. Climbing out of poverty by your own efforts, that is indeed something on which to pride yourself, but poverty itself is romanticized only by fools.
http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2008/06.05/
99-rowlingspeech.html
Or, in the words of Chaim Topol, "You made many, many poor people. I realize, of course, it's no shame to be poor, but it's no great honor, either."
Friday, June 6, 2008
Stocks Update
For some reason, I have always tried to highlight the bad news rather than the good. I suppose it keeps me humble, but really, I do it to ensure a sufficient amount of fear. Mark Cuban, owner of the Mavs, was once asked why, after making billions, he kept going. His answer: "Fear." In that vein, I am going to provide a "stocks update" on a day when the Dow and Nasdaq went down over 3%:
Open Positions
CNB = 0
EQ = 0
EWM = (slightly negative; 150 shares)
GE = 0 (slightly negative; 179 shares)
IF = -2.1
PFE = -6.4
PPS = +0.1
WYE = -2.6
Total: losing/negative 2.75%
I am not worried. Except for IF, these are all good dividend plays (meaning, they have enough cash flow or cash to pay their dividend over the next year). Even if Pfizer (PFE) has to "repatriate" (bring some money to its U.S. operations from abroad, thereby taking a tax hit) some cash to pay its dividend, I am guessing it will still do whatever it takes to pay the dividend.
Here is what my friend, who is a tax lawyer, said about repatriation--and it sounds like good news, rather than the bad news the general media is making about the possibility of repatriation:
I took international tax in law school but I am fuzzy on the subject not having reviewed it in awhile. The only thing I remember about repatriation is that foreign earnings of controlled foreign corporations were not subject to tax until they were brought back into the U.S. When the funds were brought back to the U.S., or repatriated, a corporation could then file some sort of election to exclude up to 80 - 90 percent of the repatriated funds from income.
I would guess that PFE would try and take advantage of that generous tax break on repatriated earnings if they did not want to risk cutting their dividend to U.S. shareholders.
If the tax hit is only 10 to 20%, that isn't so terrible. My hunch is that Pfizer's board sees its stock as a "widows and orphans" stock and won't cut the dividend for another year a half at least.
(Today, I bought 100 GE @ 30 and change; also, on June 9, I bought 29 more shares of GE at around 30.)
Overall, I am down about 1400 dollars since I sold off almost all of my holdings earlier. Most of the 1400 dollar loss is because of my recent large buy of Pfizer. My prediction last month or so was correct; i.e., that the market would suffer a large hit. For the most part, I heeded my own advice; otherwise, the damage would have been more severe.
Closed Positions:
Daytrades: PFE (0.5%)
MMM (0.5%), MRK (0.1%), SCUR (15%) (held less than seven days; record in this category is a 5.2% average gain)
The information on this site is provided for discussion purposes only and does not constitute investing recommendations. Under no circumstances does this information represent a recommendation to buy or sell securities or make any kind of an investment. You are responsible for your own due diligence.
Open Positions
CNB = 0
EQ = 0
EWM = (slightly negative; 150 shares)
GE = 0 (slightly negative; 179 shares)
IF = -2.1
PFE = -6.4
PPS = +0.1
WYE = -2.6
Total: losing/negative 2.75%
I am not worried. Except for IF, these are all good dividend plays (meaning, they have enough cash flow or cash to pay their dividend over the next year). Even if Pfizer (PFE) has to "repatriate" (bring some money to its U.S. operations from abroad, thereby taking a tax hit) some cash to pay its dividend, I am guessing it will still do whatever it takes to pay the dividend.
Here is what my friend, who is a tax lawyer, said about repatriation--and it sounds like good news, rather than the bad news the general media is making about the possibility of repatriation:
I took international tax in law school but I am fuzzy on the subject not having reviewed it in awhile. The only thing I remember about repatriation is that foreign earnings of controlled foreign corporations were not subject to tax until they were brought back into the U.S. When the funds were brought back to the U.S., or repatriated, a corporation could then file some sort of election to exclude up to 80 - 90 percent of the repatriated funds from income.
I would guess that PFE would try and take advantage of that generous tax break on repatriated earnings if they did not want to risk cutting their dividend to U.S. shareholders.
If the tax hit is only 10 to 20%, that isn't so terrible. My hunch is that Pfizer's board sees its stock as a "widows and orphans" stock and won't cut the dividend for another year a half at least.
(Today, I bought 100 GE @ 30 and change; also, on June 9, I bought 29 more shares of GE at around 30.)
Overall, I am down about 1400 dollars since I sold off almost all of my holdings earlier. Most of the 1400 dollar loss is because of my recent large buy of Pfizer. My prediction last month or so was correct; i.e., that the market would suffer a large hit. For the most part, I heeded my own advice; otherwise, the damage would have been more severe.
Closed Positions:
Daytrades: PFE (0.5%)
MMM (0.5%), MRK (0.1%), SCUR (15%) (held less than seven days; record in this category is a 5.2% average gain)
The information on this site is provided for discussion purposes only and does not constitute investing recommendations. Under no circumstances does this information represent a recommendation to buy or sell securities or make any kind of an investment. You are responsible for your own due diligence.
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